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- renal biomarkers
  - RBP
  - NAG
  - Creatinine
  - Albumin
  - Fibronectin
  - KIM 1
  - NGAL
  - Tamm-Horsfall
- renal function
  - Iohexol
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  - Nephrotoxicity
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Renal Biomarkers

RBP; NAG; Creatinine; Albumin; Fibronectin; KIM 1; NGAL; Tamm-Horsfall

The detection of early renal biomarkers is essential for the early detection of kidney injury cause by drugs, surgery or renal function decline.

We provide the following tests:

RBP

Retinol binding protein (RBP) is a low molecular weight protein that is filtered at the glomerulus and reabsorbed at the proximal tubule. When elevated levels of RBP are found in the urine it reflects damage at the proximal tubule.

NAG

N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been used as a sensitive and reliable indicator of the presence of renal disease and tubular damage. It is a sensitive indicator of drug nephrotoxicity. The levels of NAG fall with recovery or the removal of the toxin.

Creatinine

Creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine, is removed from the body entirely by the kidneys. Urinary creatinine is used as a reference substance for expressing excretion rate of various urinary metabolites and we strongly recommend that is it measured in parallel with other urinary markers to give more confident and meaningful results.

Albumin

Levels of albumin in the urine can be used to diagnose the condition of the kidney. An albumin/creatinine ratio can be used to determine the level of damage to the kidneys. In addition to chronic kidney disease urinary albumin has been demonstrated to be a marker of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Fibronectin

Fibronectin (FN) is a matrix protein that is expressed throughout the body and is one of the major matrix proteins in the kidney. The accumulation of FN fragments in inflamed glomeruli could contribute to the progression of renal injury.
Urinary fibronectin levels are increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy and glomerular disease.

KIM-1

Kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1) is a novel biomarker for nephrotoxicity and it is an early and specific biomarker for tubular kidney injury.

NGAL

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an indicator of acute kidney injury but also can be raised in infection.

Tamm-Horsfall

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP, also known as uromodulin) is the most abundant protein found in urine of mammals. Soluble THP has been found to help protect against urinary tract infections and suggested to prevent renal stone formation.